Saturday, July 28, 2012

Basic ECG interpretation

Only a real health professional can interpret an electrocardiogram or ECG result. However, enough knowledge on ECG can help you make basic interpretations. Below is how health professionals interpret electrocardiography waves:

The first small spike you will see is called the P wave. It represents the contraction of the atria or the upper chambers of the heart.

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The space between the P wave and another wave called the R wave is known as the PR interval. This represents the time between the electrical signal of atria contraction and the signal of ventricle contraction.

Basic ECG interpretation

The R wave (represented by tall spikes) is in between a small dip called the Q wave and another small dip called the S wave. Together, the QRS complex (Q, R, and S waves) demonstrates the activation of the left and right ventricles of the heart.

On the other hand, the T wave represents the resetting (or repolarization) of electrically charged cells in the ventricles. This resetting occurs during the contraction of the ventricles, masking the signals so they will not appear on the waveform. When resetting finishes, the entire cycle repeats.

Similar to that of the PR interval, the waveform from the end of the QRS complex to the starting point of the T wave is called the ST segment. The waveform from the starting point of the QRS complex to the end of the T wave is called the QT interval.

When reading the ECG, the height of the waves denotes electrical signal strength and the overlap of the opposing signals. The space between the waves represents the time it takes for the signal to pass through your heart.

By comparing your heart's electrical signal pattern to that of the normal signal pattern through the use of the ECG, health professionals can easily identify heart problems.

Basic ECG interpretation

ECG provides detailed information on ECG, ECG Course, ECG Cross Reference, ECG Semiconductors and more. ECG is affiliated with EKG Interpretation.

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Sunday, July 1, 2012

How to Write Marketing Communications Plans

Marketing Communications are "all strategies, tactics, and activities involved in getting the desired marketing messages to intended target markets, regardless of the media used" (MarcommWise, 2006). Tony Yeshin (1999) defines marketing communications as "the process by which a marketer develops and presents stimuli to a defined target audience with a purpose of eliciting a desired set of responses" (Yeshin, 1999). Marketing communications are: adverting, sales promotions, personal selling, PR and direct and interactive marketing (Fill, 1999).
Consequently Marketing Communications Plan is the marketing plan which promotional plan incorporates two or more integrated marketing communications mediums aiming to reiterate the same goals and objectives. Marketing Communications Plans are considered by many professionals as an excellent way to effectively communicate with target audience.
Marketing Communications Plans are generally based on two different frameworks: Marketing Communications Planning Framework and SOSTAC (Fill, 1999).

Marketing Communications Plans consist of the following vital elements:

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Context analysis

How to Write Marketing Communications Plans

Promotional objectives

Marketing communications strategy

Promotional mix (methods and tools)

Budget schedule

Evaluation and control (Fill, 1999).

When writing marketing communications plan it is important to:

1. Set corporate, marketing and marketing communications objectives, which would support and integrate with each other.

2. Develop segmentation, targeting and positioning strategies

3. Develop creative message with which Marketing Communications Plan with communicate with target audience

4. Select and justify one or combination of marketing strategies (push, pull or profile)

5. Develop well-rounded and creative set of promotional mediums and allocate appropriate budget for each medium.

6. Create contingency planning strategy (in case something goes wrong)

7. Set strict set of evaluation and control mediums which would include milestones and continuous evaluation

References

Fill C (1999) Marketing Communications, 2nd Edition, Prentice Hall Europe
Yeshin T, (1999) Integrated Marketing Communications, The chartered institute of marketing, Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford
http://www.marcommwise.com/glossary.phtml?a=m&s=0

Please find below links to excellent Marketing Communications Plans:

C/M/315. INTEGRATED MARKETING COMMUNICATIONS PLAN FOR ROYAL CARIBBEAN CRUISES LTD

S/M/162. Marketing communication plan: Philips SatinIce UK, and current marketing communications strategy analysis

S/M/158. Marketing Communication Plan for British Airways

S/M/158. Marketing Communication Plan for British Airways

E/M/14. Marketing Communications Plan for Pizza Hut

C/M/180. Internet music search engine Promotion Campaign

C/M/171. Analysis of the 50+ customer group for M&S and brief outline of a promotional campaign

P/M/311. Marketing communication Plan for Direct Lines the breakdown service

S/M/77. Project Management for Marketing Communications Campaign

P/M/289. Marketing Communications Plan for ROYAL DUTCH/ SHELL

S/M/69. Marketing Communications Plan for British Airways (BA)

P/M/269. Marketing Communications Plan for Shell

P/M/262. Marketing Communications Plan for North West Valley Sailing Club

C/M/117. Marketing Communications Plan for Hugo Boss

P/M/252. Marketing Communications Plan for the Introduction of New Product: Smoothie

P/M/139. Marketing Communications Plan for Haagen-Dazs

P/M/130. Marketing Communications Plan for the new degree programme

P/M/133. Marketing Communications Plan for Marks and Spencer

P/M/134. Analysis and development of Marketing Communications Plan for Adidas (US)

http://www.coursework4you.co.uk/sprtmrk28.htm

How to Write Marketing Communications Plans

All Rights Reserved. Copyright © 2006 Verena Veneeva http://www.coursework4you.co.uk/sprtmrk28.htm

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Friday, June 29, 2012

How to Read an ECG

The electrocardiogram or ECG is a medical device that measures the electrical activities of the heart using electrodes placed in certain positions on the body. Physicians use the information gathered from the device to record the heart rate, myocardial infarctions, arrhythmias, ventricular hypertrophies, atrial enlargements, and bundle branch blocks.

The ECG gives out ten basic pieces of information about the heart. They are the following:

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1. Rate. To determine the rate, consider two durations of identical points in a consecutive ECG waveform (R-R interval). Take this duration and divide it into 60. The equation should be: Rate = 60/(R-R interval)

How to Read an ECG

2. Rhythm. This includes normal sinus rhythm (NSR), regular, and irregular rhythm.

3. Axis. The basic principle in finding the axis is searching for the lead whose QRS complex is closest zero.

4. P Wave Morphology. Generally, the P wave should neither measure more than one box wide nor one box tall. If it exceeds these, it means that either or both atria is enlarged and the patient is hypertrophied. V1 is the best lead to look for the P wave.

5. PR Interval. The PR interval defines AV conduction time which is usually between 0.12 - 0.20 milliseconds (or three to five boxes wide). An AV block is present if the PR interval is more than 0.2 seconds.

6. QRS Complex Morphology. This is not so easy to interpret. However, stepwise evaluation can be helpful. The following are the things to consider:

- Duration should be between 0.08 - 0.10 seconds (or 2 - 2.5 boxes) only.

- Presence of Q waves (a Q wave should be greater than one box wide).

7. ST Segment Morphology. This can determine whether ischemia or infarction is present. In general, ischemia is indicated with a depressed ST segment while an elevated ST segment confirms that there is infarction.

8. T Wave Morphology. T waves generally point to the same direction as the QRS's largest deflection. Changes in the T waves can be usually associated with ischemia, hyperkalemia, and hypokalemia.

9. U Wave Morphology. The presence of U waves may indicate hypokalemia.

10. QTc Interval. With quinidine toxicity, Qtc interval is lengthened. It is shortened with hypocalcemia.

How to Read an ECG

ECG provides detailed information on ECG, ECG Course, ECG Cross Reference, ECG Semiconductors and more. ECG is affiliated with EKG Interpretation.

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Sunday, June 24, 2012

PR Careers

Careers in PR are really sought after nowadays, especially by those who love challenging work environments, lucrative pays and are not afraid of hard work or stress. Following is a simplified job description of what careers in PR mean and the kinds of roles PR officials are expected to play.

Functions of employees in PR work

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Some other names by which public relations specialists or officers are known are press officers or media specialists. They act as the link of communication between the general public and an organization. Whatever message an organization has to send across to the public or to the media is conveyed through the medium of a PR official who has to make use of his/her own creativity as well as his/her media contacts in such cases.

PR Careers

PR personnel has to make use of the same weapons for deftly and dexterously handling potentially damaging circumstances which is called crisis management. So as you can understand, strong communication, people and media management skills are extremely vital for those aiming at careers in PR. Besides, to be successful in PR jobs you must be a prompt thinker and be able to think on your feet because you will be bombarded with various kinds of unpleasant queries or googlys especially from the media.

One of the main functions of people in PR careers is to draft and create, research, write and edit or oversee all these things during the preparation of press releases and media reports. These press releases then have to be sent off by PR personnel to different kinds of media outlets.

These press releases act as public alerts for some kind of upcoming events or create awareness in the public and release information on new just launched or to be launched services or products.

If an organization undergoes any sort of change, like business expansion plans or hiring of new personnel, then such changes have to be announced to the public and the media through press releases written by PR guys.

Those involved in PR work also have to create media liaison that is, between the media and the organization for which they work. When general public or other organizations or the government requests for information from a company or the media asks for interviews, such requests are directed to the PR department and the employees in PR careers of that company entertain the queries and questions. When PR officials have to answer sensitive questions or respond to confidential matters, they often first consult with the company heads.

PR employment officers often have to take part in strategic planning and have to implement, develop and oversee the groundwork beneath planning campaigns or strategies for particular events.

PR Careers

Silas Reed, Writer for PRCrossing writes articles that inform and teach about different PR job profiles. Please visit http://www.PRcrossing.com/lcjobtypelisting.php and sign up for a FREE trial to gain access to some of the many exclusive job listings we offer in the PR profession.

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Wednesday, June 20, 2012

How Long Does It Take To Play Guitar

Learning to play guitar is a process, and there is no finish
line. How long does it take to play guitar, is a question
students often ask their teacher. How long it takes to play the
guitar depends on what your definition of guitar playing
is!

The last few decades has seen a remarkable growth in the
popularity of rock music and guitar playing has become pretty
attractive for many.

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Today the guitar is everywhere; a versatile instrument - adapting
itself to almost any kind of situation, Victimized by it's own
success, it has become something more than a musical instrument -
like the swastika before it, it has become the symbol of a social
revolution! The ultimate emblem of grooviness! It is now an
object unto itself!

How Long Does It Take To Play Guitar

Guitar enthusiasts are so often blinded by the symbol that they
remain deaf to the world of musical wonders that lie beyond their
blinkered six-string field of interest.

Many teenagers exist who aspire to become rock superstars, but
there is also a section who wants to learn guitar playing just
for sake of it. But many of them end up losing hope of learning
guitar since they don't find the best way to learn guitar.

How long does it take to play guitar? If you can answer the
following questions and make these important distinctions you
will have a good idea.

QUESTION ONE: How do you view the instrument?

Do you want to be (a) guitar owner, (b) guitar player, (c) a
musician who uses the guitar for musical expression?

Essentially there's three levels of involvement with the guitar:

1. Guitar owners - to qualify you need only to have enough funds
to purchase the instrument, for these people the guitar is simply
a toy, like a computer game, or fashion accessory. How long does
it take you to play the guitar if you're in this category? About
5-10 minutes max. The important thing here is to "be seen to be
playing the guitar"!

2. Guitar players - players in this category are often very
dedicated and speed many hours practicing their instrument.
Mostly self taught, they learn almost exclusively from guitar
tab, and their friends. How long does it take to play guitar in
this category?... these players understand it's a lifetime
journey.

3. Musicians who play guitar as their chosen instrument- players
in category two focus on guitar playing skills, whereas
level three players understand the whole scope of the musical
landscape. A good musician not only plays their instrument well,
they understand and can intelligently discuss all music.

These players:

(a) listen to all types of music

(b) read about all types of music

(c) study all types of music

How long does it take to play guitar in this category? Again,
it's a lifetime of hard work and discipline. What's the
difference between category two and category three?

Level two players must have their instrument in their hands to
communicate ideas, whereas, musicians who play guitar as their
chosen instrument know and can discuss, the qualities which make
Herb Ellis or Barney Kessel a great jazz player; why Duke
Ellington is a jazz innovator; Michel Legrand a great composer
and orchestrator. They know why good symphonies are good and bad
symphonies are bad; they know why good pop or country songs are
good (musically) and bad songs are bad.

QUESTION TWO: Are you internally motivated or externally
motivated?

Externally motivated players usually give up playing the guitar
once they realize that they are responsible for their progress.
these players quickly move on to the new 'hip' fad (only to give
up on that as soon as things get a bit challenging).

An obvious example of this type of externally motivated player
and their associated problems and disappointments is with the
recent popularity of computer games where people pretend to play
the guitar.

Despite PR claims from computer games companies
that their computer guitar games improve the player's rhythm
and hand dexterity, professional guitar teachers worldwide have reported
that guitar computer game veterans have been disappointed when
confronted with the real-world requirements of hard work and
delayed gratification. They expect to jump into it and learn it
as quickly as they learned the game, and they realize that they
can't.

I'll assume if you have read this far you're more interested in
category two or three!

needless to say that only internally motivated players make it
into category two and three.

QUESTION THREE: What is the source of your information? common
knowledge or specialized knowledge?

Today it is not a question of information on any particular
subject, after all we live in the information age, don't we? To
accelerate your progress on the guitar and rapidly decrease the
time it takes you to play the guitar, what we need is specialized
knowledge to help us assemble the relevant knowledge to achieve
our goals.

The first thing to understand is that learning guitar is
something that takes a long time. how long it takes to learn
depends on what you want to learn.

Learning guitar is hard work but it's really important to have
fun and have your guitar make cool sounds while you're learning
all the hard bits. The main thing you have to consider when
learning how to play guitar is who is teaching you how to play
guitar.

How long does it take to play guitar? It depends on what you want
to achieve.

How Long Does It Take To Play Guitar

Mike Hayes is a teacher, author, speaker and consultant. Get his tips and tested strategies proven to boost your guitar playing his membership site at http://www.guitarcoaching.com today.

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Sunday, June 17, 2012

The Meaning of Abnormal EKG Results

Many physicians recommend EKGs as a preventive-screening tool for those with a family history of heart disease. While a healthy person does not need an EKG as a part of an annual exam, many physicians will recommend an EKG if they have concerns. If a patient complains of chest pain, palpitations or other indicators of heart problems, the physician will likely recommend an immediate EKG test. Depending on the severity of the situation, your doctor may refer you to a local testing center immediately or ask you to schedule the next available appointment.

An abnormal EKG is determined by comparing the results of your EKG graph with a standard or normal heart graph. Spikes and dips within the graph are referred to as P, QR and PR and other similar acronyms. Normal EKG readings show a slight flat-dip in between contractions and relaxations. If these flat-dips are not present, it may be an indication of a more serious problem. Normal EKG readings will have spikes and dips too.

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Myocardial defects, heart valve disease, enlargement of the heart, inflammation of the heart, coronary artery disease, and past, pending or impending heart attacks are only a few of the problems that EKG's can help to detect. The conditions in which the EKG is performed can also have an impact on the accuracy of the results. Some heart problems are not present all of the time and therefore may not appear in EKG results. In cases where heart problems are suspected but not detected on the EKG, a Holter monitor may be recommended. This monitor is worn, usually for a period of 24 to 48 hours and serves as a type of mini-EKG test. The patient wears the monitor at home and it continuously records heart activity. Doctors also recommend that the patient be relaxed during the exam because any muscle trembling or contractions can alter the results and produce an inaccurate reading.

The Meaning of Abnormal EKG Results

Many people are surprised to learn that they have had an abnormal EKG reading. What is even more surprising is that when presented with abnormal EKG results, some doctors do not seem concerned. It doe not necessarily mean they are inadequate or uncaring physicians, it is more likely they believe something else has caused the abnormal reading. Most will want to pursue further testing or another EKG. Sometimes an event as simple as low blood sugar can have an altering affect and produce false EKG readings. Other times, abnormal EKGs require further testing to determine what, if any, problems actually exist.

The Meaning of Abnormal EKG Results

EKG Info provides comprehensive information on EKG readings, interpretation, m machines, technicians, abnormal EKGs and more. EKG Info is the sister site of Stethoscopes Web.

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Tuesday, June 12, 2012

What Exactly is President Obama's Credit Card Debt Relief Program? Get Your Debts Erased Now

This article has been written to inform you of President Obama's credit card debt relief plan. There has been a lot of misconception about this plan and we hope to dissolve and clear up any questions that those in extreme debt have. In the beginnings of 2009, when our President was elected. Obama put forth what has been called "President Obama's credit card debt relief plan". Now, this plan is not a safe haven for all debtors, but it does give debtors the ability to erase 50-60% of their credit debt and even more. Sometimes this can be up to 70% the Obama credit card debt relief program.

Why is this possible? The answer is two fold: First, billions of dollars of funding has been put into the American Economy to help with our situation. Our President promised a major change to the US and this bill was one of the first things he did to help those who are trapped in debt. Secondly, with President Obama's credit card debt relief program, many creditors have been so called "bailed out" because of stimulus money.

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What does this mean and how does President Obama's credit card debt program benefit you as a consumer?

What Exactly is President Obama's Credit Card Debt Relief Program? Get Your Debts Erased Now

1. If you have over ,000 in unsecured debt, it can be erased by up to 60% and sometimes more.
2. You credit score will not be negatively affected by having to file bankruptcy
3. It gives you a chance to breath financially as you are able to work with companies that work within President Obama's credit card debt relief program.

Now, saying all of this, many times companies will help you once, so this means that after you debts are erased, it is important to get into a system where you only charge in emergency situations. Also, almost every company will talk with you for free to see exactly how much you can get erased.

What Exactly is President Obama's Credit Card Debt Relief Program? Get Your Debts Erased Now

Did you know you can legally erase your debts? It is now perfectly legal to Erase Credit Debt according to the new stimulus package if you have over ,000 in debt. They give out free information to help you erase your credit card debt once according to the new stimulus package.

Click Here. It takes less than 10 seconds.

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